Russian  Prison Tattoos - The Brutal Truth 
Russian Prison Tattoos
Most people associate Russian Mafia  Tattoos with David Cronenberg's award winning film "Eastern Promises" in  which Viggo Mortensen portrayed an ex-con turned driver for a Russian  Mafia Boss, who works his way up the chain of command only to find out  there's even more corruption and deception than what he experienced  within the prison walls.
His story merely skims the surface...
In  reality, the history behind Russia's criminal underground was spawned  from a generation of men who, due to the economical collapse of the  Soviet Union, were left with nothing - turning to crime for a means of  survival. As communism fell and the safety net was removed, many of the  desperate ended up in Russian prison camp system, also known as the  Soviet gulag, which to this day is known as one of the most infamous and  hellish prison systems in history. It was within these camps that a new  breed of professional criminal was born. A criminal network based on  discipline, tradition and more importantly, rank.
Russian Mafia  Tattoos are more than a statement...
As these networks of  seasoned Russian criminals began to establish themselves from both sides  of the prison walls, they would tattoo religious and neo-nazi symbols  all over their bodies as a form of recognition amongst their fellow  peers, but also as a means of living with their sins. It was not unheard  of for Russian Mafia Tattoos to be forcefully inked on an individual  whom was deemed to be untrustworthy, or an individual who was a child  molester or rapist - which went against the strong religious undertones  of that time.
Common symbols and their meanings...
To the  naked eye most of these tattoos represent religious imagery, such as  cathedrals or monasteries, but as the Russian Mafia began to migrate to  New York, Philadelphia, and Florida between the 1970's and 1990's, the  American authorities and secret services began to decipher the code  which lies beneath these markings of worship. They realized that not  only was there a system behind Russian Mafia Tattoos, but these  criminals would literally use these symbols as a business card to whom  the other was, and more importantly, what sins they've committed.
Cathedral  or Church - Depending on the number of towers a particular tattoo has,  it usually refers to the number of years, or amount of times that  individual has been incarcerated.
Cobweb - Usually designated for  someone who has committed murder.
Cat or Cats - If there is a  tattoo of a single cat, this means that the individual was a thief  before being imprisoned. If there are multiple cats this means that the  individual was part of a gang of thieves.
Stars - This seems to  be the most recognized tattoo in the mainstream media. If the owner has  stars on each of his knees, this mean's he will never bow down or never  be brought to his knees. Stars on the shoulders are usually awarded when  a particular individual has reached a criminal status or high ranking  within the network - such as a Captain. Different types of stars mean  different things as well.
What's even more frightening, and sad,  is that in modern day Russia it is estimated that 70% of the upper  echelon of society, politics and law enforcement is controlled by the  Russian Mafia families and criminal networks. It is said that the same  percentage of banks are also ran by the mob in Russia. The fall of  communism turned a once powerful and formidable competitor into a  country so corrupt that it's highest offices are products of crime. It's  common amongst society for people to associate criminal organizations  with the Italian Mafia, but the reality is that if you ask anyone who  knows anything on this topic they will tell you that compared to the  Russian Mafia, Italian crime families are like pre-school - there is no  comparison.